Entretien exclusif avec le très honorable Richard Wagner, juge en chef du Canada
De sa pratique d’avocat montréalais à la plus haute fonction judiciaire du pays, il partage sa vision de la Cour suprême comme gardienne de la Charte depuis 1982. Il revient sur des arrêts transformateurs — Vavilov en droit administratif, Carter sur l’aide médicale à mourir, Stinchcombe sur les droits des accusés — et explique pourquoi la justice n’est pas qu’un service, mais un besoin humain fondamental. Un témoignage unique sur 150 ans d’une institution qui façonne le Canada.
CONTENU
Un parcours remarquable
Richard Wagner a pratiqué le droit à Montréal de 1980 à 2004, se spécialisant en responsabilité professionnelle, litige commercial et recours collectifs. Nommé à la Cour supérieure du Québec en 2004, puis à la Cour d’appel en 2011, il accède à la Cour suprême en octobre 2012 avant d’en devenir le juge en chef en décembre 2017. « Je n’aurais jamais pensé, même dans mes rêves les plus fous, être un jour nommé à la Cour suprême du Canada », confie-t-il.
1982 : Le grand tournant
Le juge en chef souligne le rôle transformateur de l’adoption de la Charte des droits et libertés. Depuis lors, la Cour est devenue la gardienne des droits fondamentaux, interprétant ce que signifient concrètement la liberté d’expression et le droit à l’égalité. Ce mandat a « modifié la mosaïque de la société canadienne ».
L’arrêt Vavilov : Clarifier le droit administratif
Dès son entrée en fonction comme juge en chef, Richard Wagner s’est donné pour mission de clarifier le droit administratif, domaine où les citoyens interagissent le plus souvent avec le système judiciaire. L’arrêt Vavilov (2019), rendu à 7 contre 2, a établi des règles claires sur l’intervention des tribunaux d’appel — une question fondamentale d’accès à la justice.
La doctrine de l’arbre vivant
La Cour interprète la Constitution comme un « arbre vivant » qui évolue avec la société. L’exemple le plus frappant : l’aide médicale à mourir. En 1993, l’arrêt Rodriguez maintenait l’interdiction à 5 contre 4. En 2015, l’arrêt Carter renversait unanimement cette position (9-0), reflétant l’évolution des connaissances médicales et des attentes sociétales. « On peut renverser un précédent, mais ça prend des circonstances très particulières. »
La pandémie comme agent de changement
En coprésidant le Comité d’action sur l’administration de la justice durant la COVID-19, le juge Wagner a contribué à des innovations durables : comparutions par vidéoconférence, télémandats, utilisation accrue de la technologie. « La pandémie a été un puissant agent de changement » qui a démontré que le pouvoir judiciaire et l’exécutif peuvent collaborer tout en respectant la séparation des pouvoirs.
Rapprocher la Cour des citoyens
Le juge en chef insiste sur l’importance de la confiance du public : « Les tribunaux ont besoin de la confiance du public. Si les citoyens n’ont plus confiance dans leurs institutions, c’est le début de la fin. » Parmi les initiatives : les résumés « en bref » en langage clair, la Revue annuelle, les audiences hors d’Ottawa (Winnipeg 2019, Québec 2022) et la tournée du 150e anniversaire dans cinq villes canadiennes.
L’accès à la justice : un défi permanent
Le système judiciaire a longtemps été « le parent pauvre de la société ». L’arrêt Jordan a forcé les gouvernements à investir davantage, mais le juge en chef appelle à « penser en dehors de la boîte » : travail pro bono, aide juridique bonifiée et nouvelles approches pour améliorer l’accès à la justice.
Regard vers l’avenir
Face aux défis de l’intelligence artificielle, des migrations mondiales et de la polarisation sociale, la Cour continuera d’assumer sa responsabilité d’interpréter le droit. « La justice n’est pas qu’un service, c’est un besoin humain. »
Décisions marquantes mentionnées
- Vavilov (2019) — Clarification des règles d’intervention en droit administratif
- Carter c. Canada (2015) — Aide médicale à mourir déclarée constitutionnelle
- Rodriguez c. Colombie-Britannique (1993) — Précédent renversé par Carter
- Stinchcombe (1991) — Droit à la divulgation de la preuve pour les accusés
- Burns (2001) — Interdiction d’extrader vers des pays appliquant la peine de mort
- Jordan (2016) — Délais judiciaires maximaux en matière criminelle
- Bedford (2013) — Prostitution et conditions pour renverser un précédent
- Conseil canadien des déficiences (2022) — Qualité pour agir des organismes représentant des personnes vulnérables
- Conseil scolaire francophone de la C.-B. (2020) — Droits des minorités linguistiques en éducation
- Bissonnette (2022) — Peines cruelles et inusitées
- Dunsmuir (2008) — Précédent en droit administratif clarifié par Vavilov
Ressources
- Loi sur la Cour suprême du Canada
- Charte canadienne des droits et libertés (1982)
- La cause en bref — Résumés des décisions en langage clair sur le site de la Cour suprême
- Revue annuelle de la Cour suprême du Canada
- Comité d’action sur l’administration de la justice en réponse à la COVID-19
- Site officiel — www.scc-csc.ca
Le très honorable Richard Wagner, C.P., juge en chef du Canada
Né à Montréal, Richard Wagner a obtenu son diplôme en droit de l’Université d’Ottawa en 1979. Il a pratiqué le droit pendant 25 ans à Montréal, plaidant devant tous les paliers de tribunaux au Québec ainsi qu’à la Cour fédérale et à la Cour suprême du Canada. Sa pratique était concentrée en responsabilité professionnelle, litige commercial et recours collectifs.
Nommé juge à la Cour supérieure du Québec en 2004, il y a siégé en droit familial et en droit criminel. Élevé à la Cour d’appel du Québec en 2011, il est nommé juge à la Cour suprême du Canada le 5 octobre 2012. Le 18 décembre 2017, il est assermenté comme 18e juge en chef du Canada.
En tant que juge en chef, il préside la Cour suprême et assume d’importantes fonctions administratives. Il représente le pouvoir judiciaire canadien au pays et à l’étranger et a coprésidé le Comité d’action sur l’administration de la justice en réponse à la COVID-19.
Le juge en chef Wagner est reconnu pour ses efforts visant à rapprocher la Cour des citoyens canadiens par des initiatives de transparence et d’accessibilité, notamment les audiences hors d’Ottawa et la tournée pancanadienne du 150e anniversaire.
Quiz — Testez vos connaissances
1. En quelle année la Charte canadienne des droits et libertés a-t-elle été adoptée, transformant le rôle de la Cour suprême?
A) 1949
B) 1967
C) 1982
D) 2001
Réponse : C) 1982
2. Quel arrêt de 2019, rendu à 7 contre 2, a clarifié les règles d’intervention des tribunaux en droit administratif?
A) Jordan
B) Vavilov
C) Dunsmuir
D) Bedford
Réponse : B) Vavilov
3. Comment la Cour suprême désigne-t-elle la doctrine permettant d’interpréter la Constitution en fonction de l’évolution de la société?
A) La règle du précédent
B) L’arbre vivant
C) Le pacte fédératif
D) La clause nonobstant
Réponse : B) L’arbre vivant
4. Quel arrêt de 1991 a garanti aux accusés le droit à la divulgation complète de la preuve?
A) Carter
B) Burns
C) Stinchcombe
D) Jordan
Réponse : C) Stinchcombe
5. Selon le juge en chef Wagner, pourquoi la confiance du public envers les tribunaux est-elle essentielle?
A) Pour augmenter le financement gouvernemental
B) Parce que sans cette confiance, « c’est le début de la fin » pour les institutions démocratiques
C) Pour réduire le nombre d’appels
D) Pour accélérer les procédures judiciaires
Réponse : B) Parce que sans cette confiance, « c’est le début de la fin » pour les institutions démocratiques
Invité: Le très honorable Richard Wagner, C.P., juge en chef du Canada
Animation : Me Hugo Martin
Réalisation : Me Hugo Martin
Recherche : Sandrine Raymond
Édition et révisions : Laurence Laperriere, Laurence Thériault
Production : Rivercast Média s.a.
Interview with the Right Honourable Richard Wagner, Chief Justice of Canada
In this episode of Shaping Canada: 150 Years of Landmark Decisions, we have the privilege of meeting with the Right Honourable Richard Wagner, Chief Justice of Canada, at the Supreme Court. In a bilingual conversation, he reflects on his journey from 25 years of legal practice in Montréal to the country’s highest judicial office, discusses landmark decisions that have shaped Canadian society, and shares his vision of access to justice and public trust in the courts. As the Court commemorates its 150th anniversary, the Chief Justice offers a unique perspective on its evolving role as guardian of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms.
EPISODE CONTENT
An Unexpected Journey
“I never, in my wildest dream, thought that one day I would be appointed to the Supreme Court of Canada. Even less to be appointed as Chief Justice of Canada. Never.” Richard Wagner practised law in Montréal from 1980 to 2004, focusing on professional liability, commercial litigation, and class actions. He appeared before all levels of courts in Quebec, the Federal Court, and the Supreme Court of Canada.
His judicial career began with an appointment to the Quebec Superior Court in 2004, followed by the Court of Appeal in 2011. On October 5, 2012, he was appointed Justice of the Supreme Court of Canada, and on December 18, 2017, he was sworn in as Chief Justice.
The Court’s Transformation Since 1982
The Supreme Court has evolved considerably over 150 years. Before 1949, appeals could still be taken to London; that year, the Supreme Court became Canada’s court of last resort. But the fundamental transformation came with the adoption of the Charter of Rights and Freedoms in 1982.
“At that moment, the Court became the guardian of the Charter. Parliament, the elected representatives, gave judges the mandate to interpret what freedom of expression means, what the right to equality means. This is an exceedingly important mandate that has modified the mosaic of Canadian society since 1982.”
Vavilov: Clarifying Administrative Law
When asked about landmark decisions, the Chief Justice highlights Vavilov (2019), a case he championed. Administrative law governs how appellate courts review decisions by first-instance decision-makers in immigration, regulatory bodies, and quasi-judicial organizations. “This is where Canadian citizens have the most interaction. This is where they will appear for the first time, most often.”
Previous jurisprudence, particularly Dunsmuir, had been criticized for lacking clarity. “When I became Chief Justice in 2017, one of the first things I did was tell my colleagues: we need to settle this. We need to clarify it.”
The Court took an unprecedented approach: when granting leave to appeal, it invited all interested parties to intervene. Two days of hearings followed, with an amicus curiae appointed by the Court. “We worked very hard and arrived at the Vavilov decision, which greatly clarified the circumstances in which an appellate court can intervene. This is a matter of access to justice.”
The Pandemic as an Agent of Change
Chief Justice Wagner co-chaired the Action Committee on the Administration of Justice in Response to COVID-19 with the Minister of Justice. “It was the first time that the judiciary and the executive and legislative branches worked together while respecting the separation of powers.”
The committee met monthly by videoconference, developing guidelines to help courts reopen and maintain access to justice. Key innovations included allowing accused persons to appear via videoconference and streaming the telewarrant process. “The Supreme Court has had this technology since 1987, but nobody was using it because every lawyer in Canada wanted to come here in person.”
The Chief Justice hopes these technological tools will continue to be used: “Technology will be more and more used in the future to support access to justice.”
The Living Tree Doctrine
The Constitution must be interpreted according to the “living tree” doctrine, adapting to society’s evolution. The Chief Justice illustrates this with medical assistance in dying: in Rodriguez (1993), the Court upheld Criminal Code provisions prohibiting it by a 5-4 margin. In Carter (2016), a unanimous Court reversed that decision.
“We can overturn a precedent when there is a fundamental change in society, an evolution of expectations, or an evolution of science in health matters.” In Carter, there was a year of evidence before the trial judge establishing the evolution of medicine in this area.
However, reversing precedent requires “very particular circumstances. We cannot do it for just any reason. Citizens need permanence, stability in jurisprudence. They must know what their rights and obligations are.”
Building Public Trust
“Courts need public trust. If citizens no longer have confidence in their institutions, particularly in the courts, it’s the beginning of the end. But trust must be earned. It cannot be imposed.”
The Chief Justice has championed several initiatives to make the Court more accessible:
- Case in Brief: Plain-language, one-page summaries of decisions, avoiding scientific language and Latin expressions
- Annual Review: Explaining the Court’s work over the past year and its direction
- Sittings outside Ottawa: The full Court heard cases in Quebec City (2019) and Winnipeg (2022)
- 150th Anniversary Tour: The Chief Justice and two colleagues visited five regions (Victoria, Moncton, Yellowknife, Sherbrooke, Thunder Bay) to meet the public, law students, local judiciary, and Indigenous communities
“People don’t always have to agree with our decisions, but they should accept the process by which those decisions are rendered.”
Access to Justice: Beyond Government Funding
“For many years, governments did not invest enough in the justice system. They invested in health, education—and that is perfect. But the justice system was always the ‘parent pauvre’ of society.” This led to problems that ultimately forced the Court to release the Jordan decision on trial delays.
While governments must invest more, the Chief Justice believes solutions must go further: “We have to think outside the box. Pro bono work is a great tool to improve access to justice. Legal aid must be increased. But people should not expect only increases in funding to realize better access to justice.”
Landmark Decisions for Access to Justice
The Chief Justice highlights several decisions:
- Stinchcombe (1991) — Established the Crown’s duty to disclose all relevant evidence, ensuring full defence for accused persons
- Burns (2001) — Canada cannot extradite a person if they face the death penalty in the requesting country
- Council of Canadians with Disabilities (2022) — Recognized that non-profit organizations can represent vulnerable persons in court proceedings, a major development in Canadian law
- Language Rights — Including a decision the Chief Justice authored regarding francophone minority education rights in British Columbia, heard during the Winnipeg sitting
Looking to the Future
Asked about challenges ahead—artificial intelligence, global migration, social and political polarization—the Chief Justice responds: “The Court will continue to assume its responsibility to interpret the law. And always keep in mind that justice is not just a service, it’s a human need.”
“When the Court takes up cases, there is a legal issue to be decided, but it also implies moral and societal aspects. We are mindful of that. I believe that since 1982, the Court has shown—and will continue to demonstrate—that it will be available whenever a legal battle happens dealing with legal, moral, and societal issues.”
Landmark Decisions Mentioned
- Vavilov (2019) — Standard of review in administrative law
- Jordan (2016) — Trial delays and the right to be tried within a reasonable time
- Carter (2015) — Medical assistance in dying
- Rodriguez (1993) — Earlier decision on assisted suicide, reversed in Carter
- Bedford (2013) — Prostitution laws; established when precedent can be overturned
- Stinchcombe (1991) — Crown’s duty to disclose evidence
- Burns (2001) — Extradition and the death penalty
- Dunsmuir (2008) — Administrative law standard of review (clarified by Vavilov)
- Ewert — Methods used by correctional authorities
- Marakah — Privacy rights in text messages
- Antic (2017) — Bail release
- Cyr-Langlois (2018) — Reasonable doubt
- Greenhouse Gas Pollution Pricing Act Reference — Constitutionality of carbon pricing
- R. v. J.J. — Admissibility of evidence regarding prior sexual behaviour
- R. v. Bissonnette — Cruel and unusual punishment
- Council of Canadians with Disabilities (2022) — Public interest standing
Ressources
- Constitution Act, 1867
- Constitution Act, 1982
- Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms
- Criminal Code of Canada
- Case in Brief — Plain-language decision summaries (Supreme Court website)
- Annual Review — Supreme Court of Canada publication
- Official SCC website — www.scc-csc.ca
The Right Honourable Richard Wagner, P.C., Chief Justice of Canada
Richard Wagner was born in Montréal, Quebec. He practised law for 25 years (1980-2004) at a prominent Montréal firm, specializing in professional liability, commercial litigation, and class actions. He appeared regularly before all levels of courts in Quebec, the Federal Court, and the Supreme Court of Canada.
His judicial career began with an appointment to the Quebec Superior Court in 2004, where he heard cases in family law and criminal law. In 2011, he was elevated to the Quebec Court of Appeal. On October 5, 2012, he was appointed to the Supreme Court of Canada, and on December 18, 2017, he was sworn in as the 18th Chief Justice of Canada.
As Chief Justice, he has championed access to justice and public outreach. He co-chaired the Action Committee on the Administration of Justice in Response to COVID-19 and has led initiatives to make the Court more accessible, including plain-language decision summaries, sittings outside Ottawa, and cross-country tours to meet Canadians directly.
He is known for his role in the landmark Vavilov decision, which reformed administrative law in Canada, and for his commitment to explaining the Court’s work to the public. In 2025, he leads the commemoration of the Supreme Court’s 150th anniversary
Quiz — Test Your Knowledge
1. What fundamental change occurred in 1982 that transformed the Supreme Court’s role?
A) The Court moved to a new building
B) The Charter of Rights and Freedoms was adopted, making the Court its guardian
C) Appeals to London were abolished
D) The number of justices was increased to nine
Answer: B) The Charter of Rights and Freedoms was adopted, making the Court its guardian
2. What did the Vavilov decision clarify?
A) The right to medical assistance in dying
B) Trial delay limits
C) The standard of review in administrative law
D) Language rights in education
Answer: C) The standard of review in administrative law—the circumstances in which appellate courts can intervene in decisions by first-instance decision-makers
3. According to the Chief Justice, what is required to overturn a Supreme Court precedent?
A) A change in the composition of the Court
B) A fundamental change in society, evolving expectations, or scientific evolution
C) A request from Parliament
D) A unanimous decision
Answer: B) A fundamental change in society, evolving expectations, or scientific evolution
4. What initiative did Chief Justice Wagner champion to make Court decisions more accessible?
A) Televised hearings
B) Case in Brief—plain-language, one-page summaries
C) Mandatory legal aid
D) Online voting on decisions
Answer: B) Case in Brief—plain-language, one-page summaries avoiding scientific language and Latin expressions
5. What was unprecedented about the Action Committee on the Administration of Justice during COVID-19?
A) It was the first time lawyers appeared by video
B) It was the first time the judiciary, executive, and legislative branches worked together while respecting separation of powers
C) It was chaired by a provincial judge
D) It created new courts
Answer: B) It was the first time the judiciary, executive, and legislative branches worked together while respecting the separation of powers
Guest: The Right Honourable Richard Wagner, P.C., Chief Justice of Canada
Host : Me Hugo Martin
Directed by : Me Hugo Martin
Researchers : Sandrine Raymond
Editing and revision : Laurence Laperriere, Laurence Thériault
Production : Rivercast Média s.a.
Transcription
Transcription – Façonner le Canada
150 ans de décisions marquantes
Episode 02 – 150 ans de décisions marquantes avec le très honorable Richard Wagner, juge en chef du Canada
Durée: 00:24:13 min
Introduction Bienvenu à façonner le Canada, 150 ans de décision marquantes. Le Canada que nous connaissons aujourd’hui ne s’est pas construit par hasard. Argument par argument, jugement par jugement, il a été façonné par le droit, au sein d’un système de justice unique, né de la rencontre des traditions britanniques, françaises et autochtones. Dans cette série, nous soulignons le 150e anniversaire de la Cour suprême du Canada en décodant les grandes décisions qui ont défini nos droits, nos libertés et notre identité collective. Droit criminel, droits autochtones, partage des compétences… des arrêts qui ne sont pas que de l’histoire ancienne : ils façonnent encore notre quotidien. Je suis votre animateur, Hugo Martin, et à travers des rencontres exclusives avec les neuf juges de la Cour suprême et des expertes et experts constitutionnalistes, nous découvrons ensemble le contexte de ces jugements, leur impact, et leur résonance aujourd’hui. Bienvenue dans l’histoire de nos droits.
Me Hugo Martin (00:00) Monsieur Juge Wagner, bienvenu et merci de nous accueillir chez vous à la Cour suprême du Canada en votre rôle de juge en chef et d’avoir accepté de vous adresser au canadiennes et canadiens dans le cadre de façonner le Canada, 150 ans de décisions marquantes. Chief Justice Wagner, welcome and thank you for agreeing to address Canadians as part of shaping Canada 150 years of landmark decisions.
Hon. Juge en chef Wagner (00:14) You’re very welcome.
Me Hugo Martin (00:28) To begin let’s briefly trace your career: you practised law in Montréal from 1980 to 2004 with a focus on professional liability, commercial litigation, and class actions. Your career as a judge began with an appointment at the Quebec Superior Court in 2004, followed by the Appeal Court in 2011. On October 5th 2012, 13 years ago, you were appointed as a Justice of the Supreme Court of Canada and on December 18th 2017 you were sworn in as Chief Justice. Please tell us more about your motivations.
Hon. Juge en chef Wagner (01:24) I never in my wildest dreams thought that one day I would be appointed to the Supreme Court of Canada, and even less to be appointed as Chief Justice of Canada. Never. You have to take any opportunities that are presented to you, but at first I was very much interested in practicing law. I wanted to go to court, and I was very well served because I went to court almost every week during my practice of 25 years. And at one point in time, you know, I had this opportunity to become a judge at the Superior Court, and I enjoyed every minute of it. That’s where justice is rendered at the first instance, family law, criminal law. And at one point in time again, an opportunity was put to me to go to the Court of Appeal and I said yes. And after almost two years, Marie Deschamps from the Supreme Court of Canada retired early at 60. And there was an opening for a judge from Quebec, and that’s how I was appointed.
Me Hugo Martin (02:17) There’s a constitutional obligation to have three judges from the province of Quebec. Vous avez participé à l’épisode 25 de mon balado question de preuve enregistré en novembre 2019. À ce moment, certaines décisions résonnaient encore, on se souviendra des affaires Carter sur l’aide médicale à mourir, Jordan et Cody sur les délais judiciaires, Ewert qui garantit les méthodes utilisées par les autorités carcérales pour s’occuper des détenus, et on a même Marakah sur le droit à la vie privée des messages textes. Mais il y en a d’autres qui affectent de manière importante la société canadienne, de mémoires récentes je peux ajouter Antic en 2017 qui clarifie l’octroi de la liberté sur caution, Cyr-Langlois en 2018 sur le doute raisonnable qui doit être fondé sur la preuve et non sur des conjonctures, on a aussi en 2021 le renvoi relatif à la loi sur la tarification des gaz à effet de serre qui a déterminé que la tarification du carbone est constitutionnelle. Et plus récemment en 2022 R contre J.J concernant l’admissibilité de la preuve en lien avec le comportement sexuel antérieur dans les causes d’agression sexuelle, et on a R contre Bissonnette sur les peines cruelles et inusitées. Monsieur le juge en chef, la Cour suprême du Canada dans ses 150 ans d’existence a dû se pencher comme on peut le constater sur des affaires diverses, des cas de toutes espèces qui affectent la vie de la société entière. Comment est-ce que la cour y arrive ?
Hon. Juge en chef Wagner (03:42) La cour suprême du Canada a évolué évidemment depuis 150 ans. On commémore le 150e anniversaire de la cour cette année. C’est ce qu’on voulait commémorer, c’est-à-dire prendre le temps de réflexion sur l’impact justement de la cour sur la vie des citoyens, leurs amis, leurs familles. Et on est toujours conscient de ce rôle-là surtout depuis 1982, depuis l’adoption de la charte des droits et libertés. Auparavant la cour suprême depuis 1949 était la cour de dernier ressort parce que tous les recours à Londres ont été abolis en 1949 en civil et en criminel. Mais le grand changement sur le rôle et le mandat de la cour suprême, ça a été vraiment après 1982, parce qu’à ce moment-là la cour est devenue le garant de la charte des droits et libertés et le parlement, donc les élus, ont donné le mandat à la cour suprême du Canada d’interpréter ce que ça voulait dire la liberté d’expression, ce que ça voulait dire le droit à l’égalité. Donc c’est un mandat excessivement important qui a modifié la mosaïque de la société canadienne depuis 1982. Vous avez référé à plusieurs décisions qui ont justement eu un impact fondamental sur la réalité des canadiens et des canadiennes dans plusieurs domaines, que ce soit social, la santé, le droit criminel, le droit administratif. D’ailleurs vous avez énuméré plusieurs décisions d’importance tantôt, vous en avez oublié une et je vous le rappelle, Vavilov. Et Vavilov je vous en parle parce que Vavilov c’est en droit administratif. C’était de savoir jusqu’à quel point effectivement un tribunal d’appel peut intervenir dans les décisions des décideurs de première instance, en matière d’immigration, en matière de régie, un premier niveau d’intervention d’un organisme judiciaire ou quasi judiciaire. C’est là où les citoyens canadiens ont le plus d’intervention. En d’autres mots c’est là où ils vont se présenter la première fois le plus souvent. Et donc c’était important de clarifier la situation. Alors Vavilov pour peut-être résumer brièvement ce que ça veut dire, c’est qu’en droit administratif il y a un arrêt Dunsmuir qui avait été rendu plusieurs années auparavant qui prévoit dans quelles circonstances une cour d’appel doit intervenir pour changer une décision d’un décideur, et ça a causé beaucoup de problèmes dans la jurisprudence. La jurisprudence de la cour suprême a été critiquée, probablement à bon droit parce que ce n’était pas clair, parce qu’il y a eu des décisions subséquentes qui ont nuancé les décisions antérieures. Finalement il y avait beaucoup de critiques et moi quand je suis devenu juge en chef en 2017 une des premières choses que j’ai fait j’ai dit à mes collègues il faut régler cette histoire-là, il faut clarifier ça. Et parce que c’est le port d’entrée des citoyens canadiens donc il faut clarifier la règle. Mais ce n’était pas une tâche facile. Alors on a cherché les dossiers dans lesquels on pourrait effectivement clarifier les choses, on les a trouvés. Et pour la première fois dans l’histoire de la cour lorsqu’on a accueilli les appels, la permission d’appeler, on a indiqué qu’on invite tous ceux qui sont intéressés à intervenir devant la cour. Et donc on a eu pendant deux jours des auditions, j’ai nommé un amicus curiae, il y avait plusieurs positions différentes. Mais on a réussi avec beaucoup de travail à ramener ça, et on est arrivé avec l’arrêt Vavilov qui a clarifié beaucoup les circonstances dans lesquelles un tribunal d’appel peut intervenir, et ça je pense que c’est une question d’accès à la justice. Et j’étais très heureux que moi et mes collègues on ait pu avoir cette décision-là à une grande majorité, 7 à 2, dans le domaine du droit administratif. Donc ça vous montre jusqu’à quel point effectivement on était conscient de l’importance et de l’impact des décisions de la cour sur le quotidien des gens.
Me Hugo Martin (07:16) You co-chaired the Action Committee on the Administration of Justice in Response to COVID-19. That committee undertook crucial work to enhance access to justice by introducing innovations and changes, notably allowing more accused persons to appear via video conference, streamlining the telewarrant process, and using technology for drawing names during jury selection. What key lessons from that period do you believe will have a lasting positive impact on the way courts will operate? Et je sais que certaines de ces innovations sont encore en place aujourd’hui.
Hon. Juge en chef Wagner (07:46) The pandemic was a very strong agent of change. Everything closed. The world. And the courts. So that’s why I phoned the attorney general of Canada, Mr. Lametti, in those days, and we said we have to do something because people were waiting for their criminal trial by jury, some people were waiting for their alimony, for the custody of children in family matters and so on and so forth. So there were urgent matters to attend. And we decided to set up this special committee. It was the first time that the judiciary and the executive and legislative branch worked together while respecting the separation of powers. So the pandemic was useful in that sense, it showed that we can do it. Every month we were meeting by video of course. So on that committee I was chairing the committee with the minister of justice and there were other attorney generals, there were chief justices across the country, there were civil servants from the health department. And every month we were meeting and we had working groups also working under our leadership. The idea was to find tips to develop guidelines to help the courts to reopen as soon as possible, to find ways to maintain access to justice. And there were some good developments out of that. You know, for instance, there were some amendments to the criminal code which allowed accused to appear by video. Here at the Supreme Court we had this technology, hearing by video since 1987, but nobody was using it because every lawyers in Canada wanted to come here in person to argue cases. And many other courts in Canada started to use that as well to continue to reopen their courts and to keep access to justice. So one of the good sides of the pandemic was that, that we could work in different manners. And now that the pandemic is behind us I would hope that we would keep the good tools for the future. So here at the Supreme Court of course the lawyers of the parties can come and argue their cases, but all the interveners appear by video. And they have five minutes mind you, so it’s a question of access to justice as well. A lawyer from Vancouver should not come here in Ottawa for five minutes. So I hope that the technology will be much more used in the future to support access to justice.
Me Hugo Martin (10:23) La cour suprême du Canada est aux premières loges des soubresauts et de l’évolution de la société canadienne depuis 150 ans. Comment pourriez-vous résumer et décrire le rôle de la cour autant sur le plan juridique que sociétal ?
Hon. Juge en chef Wagner (10:35) Je pense que la cour a eu un rôle à jouer non seulement au niveau juridique, mais justement au niveau de la société. Il y a eu tellement de décisions depuis 1982, même dans les dernières années sur les questions de conditions dans lesquelles un accusé peut reprendre sa liberté en attendant son procès, sur la question des peines minimales, etc. Le dossier Carter c’est la cour suprême qui a…
Me Hugo Martin (10:58) Renversé sa propre décision. En se posant la question est-ce qu’on peut renverser notre propre décision ?
Hon. Juge en chef Wagner (11:04) Tout à fait. Et ça prouve jusqu’à quel point la cour a été capable d’évoluer et de s’adapter aux besoins de la société. Alors nous à la cour suprême on réfère toujours à l’arbre vivant comme étant la référence pour interpréter la constitution. En d’autres mots nous ne sommes pas partisans de l’originalisme. Donc la constitution a été écrite en 1867, il y a une constitution en 1982, il y a une charte des droits qui a été adoptée, et on doit interpréter la charte en fonction de l’évolution de la société. Dans la matière d’aide médicale à mourir par exemple, le dossier Rodriguez à la fin des années 80, la cour suprême a décidé que les dispositions du code criminel qui interdisaient l’aide médicale à mourir étaient constitutionnelles à 5 contre 4. Ben en 2016 à 9-0, donc une cour unanime, on a renversé cette décision-là. Mais on ne peut pas faire ça pour n’importe quelle raison, on le dit dans l’arrêt Bedford entre autres en matière de prostitution, que on peut renverser un précédent dans la mesure où il y a un changement fondamental dans la société, une évolution des attentes. Ça peut être également une évolution de la science, en matière de santé l’aide médicale à mourir il y a eu un an de preuve devant le premier juge ce qui n’était pas le cas dans le dossier de Rodriguez auparavant, établissant toute l’évolution de la médecine dans ce domaine-là. Et donc ça prouve que la cour peut changer ses précédents, mais ça prend des circonstances très particulières, on ne peut pas le faire pour n’importe quelle raison selon la nature du banc, selon l’identité des juges sur le banc, parce que les citoyens ont besoin d’une pérennité, ont besoin d’une stabilité de la jurisprudence, ils doivent savoir quels sont leurs droits et obligations et on ne peut pas les changer comme ça du jour au lendemain. Mais ça prouve qu’on peut évoluer. Et c’est ce que je remarque moi de la cour suprême depuis sa création.
Me Hugo Martin (12:56) On a depuis votre nomination, mis en place plusieurs initiatives pour améliorer la communication de la cour suprême, notamment en publiant les résumés en langage clair des décisions, ce qu’on appelle la cause en bref, en tenant aussi des audiences à l’extérieur d’Ottawa pour rendre la cour plus accessible aux canadiennes et aux canadiens. C’est quoi l’intérêt de ces initiatives-là pour vous ?
Hon. Juge en chef Wagner (13:16) Les tribunaux ont besoin de la confiance du public. Si les citoyens n’ont plus confiance dans leurs institutions et notamment dans les tribunaux, c’est le début de la fin. Mais la confiance ça se mérite, ça ne s’impose pas. Et donc c’est difficile d’apprécier quelque chose, d’avoir confiance dans quelque chose qu’on ne connaît pas. Et donc c’est la raison pour laquelle moi j’ai pris le pari, comme mes collègues, puis d’autres tribunaux aussi au Canada, de faire connaître les tribunaux et notamment la cour suprême. On n’a rien à cacher, on est très transparent. Mais j’aimerais que les gens le sachent. Alors j’aime que les gens sachent qui on est, qu’est-ce qu’on fait et pourquoi on le fait. Et donc il faut que les citoyens comprennent nos décisions. Alors vous avez parlé de la cause en bref, ça a été un grand succès, moi je me suis dit on va expliquer aux citoyens qu’est-ce que ça veut dire une décision de la cour mais en langage clair. Il y a eu d’autres initiatives aussi, il y a la revue annuelle qui explique aux citoyens qu’est-ce qu’on a fait durant la dernière année, qu’est-ce que la cour a fait, qu’est-ce que l’on peut s’attendre également de la cour dans les prochaines années. On a amené la cour à l’extérieur d’Ottawa pour siéger. En 2019 effectivement puis en 2022, les deux premières c’était lorsque les neuf on a siégé, on a entendu des causes à Québec et à Winnipeg. Pourquoi ? Ben pour permettre à des gens qui ne peuvent pas venir à Ottawa voir comment ça se passe à la cour suprême, mais en même temps ça nous donnait la chance de rencontrer la population. De répondre à leurs questions et de connaître leur réalité. Alors ça va dans les deux sens. Et ça a été très très populaire. Cette année pour notre 150e anniversaire, on a décidé que moi j’irais avec deux de mes collègues rencontrer dans cinq régions différentes la population. Alors on a été à Victoria, on a été à Moncton, Yellowknife, Sherbrooke, et Thunder Bay également. On rencontre la population qui est invitée à venir nous rencontrer dans un centre public pour nous poser des questions, on rencontre les étudiants en droit, on rencontre également la magistrature locale pour vraiment l’apprécier c’est quoi leurs défis, et à l’occasion également des communautés autochtones, ce qu’on a fait à Moncton et à Victoria. Alors cet effort, cette volonté de la cour de faire connaître le travail des juges parce que je pense que c’est important que les gens aient confiance dans les tribunaux puis la meilleure façon de s’en assurer ben c’est de le dire qu’est-ce qu’on fait pour qu’ils puissent l’apprécier. Pas de toujours être d’accord avec nos décisions, mais d’accepter le processus par lequel ces décisions-là sont rendues.
Me Hugo Martin (15:45) You advocate for two key solutions to the access to justice gap: more government funding for legal aid, and a greater commitment for pro bono work from the legal profession. How do you see the ideal balance between the government’s responsibility and the legal profession’s obligation?
Hon. Juge en chef Wagner (16:07) That’s a good question because for many, many, many years governments, not only in Quebec, in Canada, but everywhere in the world, societies governed by democracy, the governments did not invest in the justice system enough. They invested in health, invested in education, and that’s perfect. But the justice system was always the parent pauvre of the society. And that’s why we came up with many problems, you know. And that’s why the court was obliged in a way to release Jordan. There were not enough judges, there were not enough means, not enough tools for judges, not enough courthouses. There were not enough resources. And it’s the same thing everywhere in the world. But with Jordan the situation has changed a bit, and governments realized that they had to invest more. But it’s not enough. I don’t think that we should always count on new investments, new resources from government to improve access to justice. We had to think out of the box and think of other means, other ways of releasing good justice. And pro bono work is a great tool to improve access to justice. But pro bono work cannot be done by every lawyer in Canada. Pro bono can be done only for those who can afford doing it. But now many firms in Canada have guidelines essentially in the major firms, but in other medium law firms as well. It’s more difficult for the small solo practitioner. Legal aid, of course it has to be increased. But I don’t think that people should expect only increase in funding to realize better access to justice. We have to find other ways.
Me Hugo Martin (18:01) Si je vous demandais monsieur le juge Wagner, de puiser votre réponse dans 150 ans de jugements, d’arrêts et de décisions de la cour suprême, pouvez-vous partager ceux qui selon vous ont contribué à promouvoir l’accès à la justice et peut-être même l’indépendance judiciaire ?
Hon. Juge en chef Wagner (18:17) Il y en a tellement, j’ai parlé de l’arrêt Stinchcombe qui vraiment en 91 a permis effectivement d’assurer une défense pleine et entière des accusés. Il y a l’arrêt Burns en 2001 où la cour a déclaré qu’on ne pouvait pas extrader une personne si cette personne-là est susceptible de subir la peine de mort dans le pays qui réclame son extradition. Dans le dossier en 2022 du conseil des canadiens avec déficiences, on a reconnu pour la première fois qu’une société à but non lucratif, une organisation, peut intervenir à la cour et représenter des personnes plus vulnérables sans pour autant que ça soit la personne elle-même qui se présente à la cour. Alors ça c’est quand même un développement majeur au Canada, et ça témoigne jusqu’à quel point la cour suprême interprète la constitution selon le thème de l’arbre vivant et doit donc s’adapter aux besoins ou aux nécessités de la société. Et je pense que ce sont des témoignages qui sont quand même assez éloquents. En matière de langue également, vous savez le Canada est un pays bilingue officiellement, et les minorités linguistiques dans toutes les provinces ont le droit d’avoir l’éducation de leurs enfants dans leur langue lorsque la situation le justifie. On a rendu quelques décisions là-dessus dont une justement que j’ai moi-même rédigée dans le dossier de la Colombie-Britannique où on a reconnu le droit des minorités linguistiques en français d’avoir accès à l’école française. Ça c’était lors de l’audition quand on a siégé à Winnipeg. Je pourrais passer la journée avec vous pour référer à d’autres décisions parce que la majorité de nos décisions ont un impact sur l’évolution de la société et le bien-être des citoyens. Parce que par définition c’est des dossiers qui traitent souvent d’interprétation de la charte des droits et libertés.
Me Hugo Martin (20:05) Mr. Chief Justice, my final question for you is a broad one. For a century and a half, the court has built a legacy of public trust, I believe, acting as a pillar in our democracy. Looking ahead to a future that will be defined by formidable changes, I’m thinking artificial intelligence, I’m thinking global migration, social and political polarization. How does it ensure it remains that essential, trusted guide for all Canadians into the next chapter of our country’s history?
Hon. Juge en chef Wagner (20:38) Well the court will continue to assume its responsibility to interpret the law whenever it is called to interpret the law, and always keeping in mind that justice is not just a service, it’s a human need. So when the court takes up the cases that it will hear, of course it’s a legal issue, a major legal issue to be decided, but it also implies some other issues of moral and societal aspect. And we are mindful of that. And I believe that at least since 1982 the court has shown and will continue to demonstrate that it will be available whenever a legal battle happens dealing with legal and moral and societal issues.
Me Hugo Martin (21:27) Monsieur juge en chef Wagner, un grand merci pour cet entretien mémorable. And all the best for its 150th commemoration.
Hon. Juge en chef Wagner (21:34) Thank you very much. Merci beaucoup.
Conclusion Merci d’avoir été des nôtres pour cet épisode de façonner le Canada, 150 ans de décisions marquantes. Comme nous l’avons vu aujourd’hui, le droit n’est pas statique, il est vivant. Chaque décision de la Cour suprême ajoute une pierre à l’édifice de notre société. Pour consulter les arrêts discutés et en savoir plus sur nos invités, rendez-vous sur faconnerlecanada.ca et parcourez les notes de l’épisode. Abonnez-vous sur votre plateforme de balado préférée pour ne rien manquer de cette série soulignant le 150e anniversaire de la Cour suprême du Canada. Merci à tous ceux et celles qui ont contribué à ce projet, notamment la Cour suprême du Canada, le très honorable Richard Wagner, juge en chef du Canada, les honorables Nicolas Kasirer, Suzanne Côté, Andromache Karakatsanis, Sheilah Martin, Mahmud Jamal, Michelle O’Bonsawin, Mary Moreau, les professeurs Louise Langevine, Jocelyn Downey, Carys Craig, Naomi Metallic, Karen Drake, Denis Nadeau, Félix Mathieu, Éric Labelle Eastaugh, Marcus Moore, Joel Bakan, Howie Kislowicz, Richard Moon et François Tanguay-Renaud. Merci aussi à Me Michel Lebrun, Mesdames Sandrine Raymond, Laurence Laperrière, Laurence Thériault, Monsieur Peter Warren et la productrice Madame Constance St-Pierre. Ce projet a été rendu possible grâce au gouvernement du Canada. Ici Hugo Martin et je vous dis à la prochaine.
Transcription
Transcription – Façonner le Canada
150 ans de décisions marquantes
Episode 02 – 150 ans de décisions marquantes avec le très honorable Richard Wagner, juge en chef du Canada
Durée: 00:24:13 min
Introduction (00:02): Welcome to Shaping Canada: 150 Years of Landmark Decisions. The Canada we know today was not built by chance. Argument by argument, judgment by judgment, it has been shaped by law within a unique justice system born from the encounter of British and French systems, and which now increasingly integrates Indigenous traditions. In this series, we mark the 150th anniversary of the Supreme Court of Canada by decoding the major decisions that have defined our rights, freedoms, and collective identity. Criminal law, Indigenous rights, division of powers—rulings that are not just ancient history. They still shape our daily lives. I am your host, Hugo Martin, and through exclusive meetings with the nine Supreme Court judges and constitutional experts, we will explore the context of these judgments, their impact, and their resonance today.
Me Hugo Martin (00:00): Chief Justice Wagner, welcome and thank you for taking the time to speak with Canadians on Shaping Canada: 150 Years of Landmark Decisions.
Hon. Richard Wagner, Chief Justice (00:14): My pleasure, welcome to the Court.
Me Hugo Martin (00:28): To begin, let’s briefly trace your career: you practised law in Montréal from 1980 to 2004 with a focus on civil and commercial litigation, before beginning your career as a judge with an appointment to the Quebec Superior Court in 2004, followed by the Appeal Court in 2011. On October 5th, 2012, you were appointed to the Supreme Court of Canada, and on December 18th, 2017, you became Chief Justice of Canada. What were your motivations? What led you to the Supreme Court?
Hon. Richard Wagner, Chief Justice (01:24): To the Supreme Court of Canada? Never. I never wanted to go to court.
Me Hugo Martin (02:17): It was a question of opportunity…
Hon. Richard Wagner, Chief Justice (02:19): Justice Marie Deschamps, from the Supreme Court of Canada, retired early at 60. And there was an opening for a judge from the province of Quebec.
Me Hugo Martin (02:22): You participated in Episode 25 of my podcast *Question de Preuve*, recorded in November… At the time, certain decisions still resonated. We remember the *Carter* cases on medical assistance in dying, *Jordan* and *Cody* on trial delays, *Ewert* guaranteeing the methods used by prison authorities to care for inmates, and even *Marakah* on the right to privacy for text messages. But there are others that affect Canadian society in profound ways. In recent memory, I can add *Antic* in 2017, which clarified the granting of release on bail; *Cyr-Langlois* in 2018 on reasonable doubt based on evidence rather than conjecture; we also have in 2021 the *Reference re Greenhouse Gas Pollution Pricing Act*, which determined that carbon pricing is constitutional; and more recently in 2022, *R. v. J.J.*, concerning the admissibility of evidence regarding prior sexual history in sexual assault cases, and *R. v. Bissonnette* on cruel and unusual punishment.
Chief Justice, the Supreme Court of Canada, in its 150 years of existence, has had to deal with diverse cases of all kinds that affect the lives of the entire society. How does the Court manage to do this?
Hon. Richard Wagner, Chief Justice (03:42): The Supreme Court of Canada has obviously evolved over 150 years. As we commemorate the Court’s 150th anniversary, what we wanted to commemorate was taking the time to reflect on the impact of the Court on the lives of citizens, their friends, and their families.
We are always conscious of this role, especially since 1982, with the adoption of the Charter of Rights and Freedoms. Previously, since 1949, the Supreme Court had been the court of last resort because all appeals to London were abolished in 1949, both civil and criminal. But the major change in the role and mandate of the Supreme Court truly came after 1982. Because at that time, the Court became the guardian of the Charter of Rights and Freedoms. And Parliament—meaning the elected officials—gave the Supreme Court the mandate to interpret what freedom of expression meant, what the right to equality meant.
So it is an extremely broad mandate that has transformed Canadian society since 1982. You referred to several decisions that have had a fundamental impact on the reality of Canadians in multiple fields, whether social, health, criminal law, or administrative law. Moreover, you listed several important decisions earlier, but you forgot one, and I will remind you of it: *Vavilov*.
And I speak to you about *Vavilov* because it is in administrative law. It was about knowing to what extent an appellate court can actually intervene in the decisions of first-instance decision-makers—in immigration matters, regulatory boards, the first level of judicial or quasi-judicial bodies. That is where Canadian citizens have the most interaction. In other words, that is where they will appear for the first time most often. And therefore, it was about clarifying the situation.
So, briefly, what does *Vavilov* mean? In administrative law, there was a ruling called *Dunsmuir* that had been rendered several years prior, which provided the circumstances under which an appellate court must intervene to change a decision of an administrative tribunal. And that caused a lot of problems in the jurisprudence. The Supreme Court’s jurisprudence was unclear, because subsequent decisions nuanced earlier ones, and there was a lot of criticism. And when I became Chief Justice in 2017, one of the first things I did was tell my colleagues that we needed to sort this out. We needed to clarify it. Because for the sake of Canadian citizens, we need a clear rule.
However, it was not an easy task. We looked for cases in which we could actually clarify things. We found them, and for the first time in the Court’s history, when we granted leave to appeal, we invited all interested parties to intervene before the Court. And so for two days there were hearings; I appointed an *amicus curiae* for the Court. There were several interveners, but with a lot of work, we managed to bring it together.
And we arrived at the *Vavilov* decision, which greatly clarified the circumstances in which an appellate court can intervene. And I think that is a question of access to justice. I was very happy that my colleagues and I were able to deliver that decision by a large majority—7 to 2—in the field of administrative law. So that shows you to what extent we were conscious of the importance and impact of the Court’s decisions on people’s daily lives.
Me Hugo Martin (07:16): COVID-19 disrupted judicial systems across the globe. The committee undertook crucial work to ensure access to justice by introducing innovations like remote hearings. What lessons from that period do you believe will have a lasting positive impact on the way courts will operate? And I know some of these innovations are still in place today.
Hon. Richard Wagner, Chief Justice (07:46): The pandemic was a very strong agent of change. Everything shut down. The world stopped.
And courts—why Canada, Mr. Law Clerk? Because people were in distress, striving to triumph through the crisis, focusing on reunification, healthcare, etc. There were urgent matters to attend to. And we decided to set up this special committee. It was the first time that the judiciary, the executive, and the legislative branch worked together.
So, the pandemic was useful in that sense. It showed that we can do it.
Every month we were meeting, by video of course. On this committee, I was chairing it with the Minister of Justice, and there were other Attorneys General, Chief Justices… to establish guidelines to help courts reopen as soon as possible, to find ways to maintain access to justice.
Here, at the Supreme Court, we had the technological tools since 1987, but nobody was using them, because every lawyer in Canada wanted to come here in person to argue their cases.
And many other courts in Canada started to use that as well to continue to reopen their courts and to keep access to justice. A good part of the pandemic was showing us that we could work differently. And now that the pandemic is behind us… So here, at the Supreme Court, lawyers can still come and argue in person, but all interveners appear via video.
It takes five minutes, you see. So it’s also a question of access to justice. A professor cannot come here to Ottawa for just five minutes of oral argument. It improves access to justice.
Me Hugo Martin (10:23): The Supreme Court of Canada has been on the front lines of the shifts and evolution of Canadian society for 150 years. How would you summarize and describe the role of the Court both legally and societally?
Hon. Richard Wagner, Chief Justice (10:35): I think the Court has a role to play not only at the legal level, but precisely at the societal level.
There have been so many decisions since 1982, even in recent years, on issues of conditions under which an accused can regain their freedom while awaiting trial, the whole issue of mandatory minimum sentences, etc. So, the *Carter* case, the Supreme Court…
Me Hugo Martin (10:58): …overturned its own decision, asking the question: can we overturn our own decision?
Hon. Richard Wagner, Chief Justice (11:04): Absolutely. And that proves to what extent the Court has been able to evolve and adapt to the needs of society. So us, at the Court, we always refer to the living tree as the reference for interpreting the Constitution. In other words, we are not partisans of originalism.
So the Constitution was written a long time ago, but in 1982 a Charter of Rights was adopted, and we must interpret the Charter in accordance with the evolution of society.
Medical assistance in dying, for example: in *Rodriguez* in the late 1980s, the Supreme Court decided that the provisions of the Criminal Code prohibiting medical assistance in dying were constitutional by a 5-4 vote. In 2016, in a unanimous 9-0 ruling by the Court, we overturned that decision. But we cannot do that for just any reason. We stated in the *Bedford* ruling, among others in prostitution matters, that we can overturn a precedent to the extent that there is a fundamental change in society, an evolution of values. It can also be an evolution of medical science. In medical assistance in dying, there was a year of evidence heard by the trial judge—which was not the case in the *Rodriguez* file previously—establishing the entire state of medicine in that field.
And so, that proves the Court can change its precedents, but it takes very specific circumstances. We cannot do it for any reason, depending on the composition of the bench or the identity of the judges on the bench, because citizens need durability, need stability in the jurisprudence; they need to know what their rights and obligations are. And we cannot change them overnight like that. But it proves that we can, and that is what I have noticed about the Court since its creation.
Me Hugo Martin (12:56): Since your appointment as Chief Justice, you have implemented several initiatives to improve the communication of the Supreme Court, notably by publishing summaries in plain language called *Cases in Brief*, and also by holding hearings outside Ottawa to make the Court more accessible to Canadians. What is the value of these initiatives for you?
Hon. Richard Wagner, Chief Justice (13:16): Courts need public trust. If citizens no longer trust their institutions, and notably the courts, it is the beginning of the end. But trust must be earned. It cannot be imposed. And it is difficult to appreciate something, to trust something you do not know.
And so that is the path I took as a gamble, along with my colleagues and other courts in Canada as well: to make the courts, and notably the Supreme Court, known. We have nothing to hide; we are very transparent. But I would like people to know. So I like people to know who we are, what we do, and why we do it. And therefore, Canadian citizens must understand our decisions.
So you spoke of *Cases in Brief*. That has been a great success. I thought: we are going to explain to citizens what a Court decision means, but in plain language.
There have been other initiatives as well. There is the Annual Report, which explains to citizens what we did during the past year, what the Court did, and what we can expect from the Court in the coming years. We brought the Court outside Ottawa to sit actually, and in 2019 and 2022… The first two times, the nine judges sat and heard cases in Quebec City and Winnipeg. Why? To allow people who cannot come to Ottawa to see how the Supreme Court works. But at the same time, it gave us the chance to meet the local population, answer their questions, and understand their reality. So it makes sense, and it has been very, very successful.
This year, for our 150th anniversary, we decided that I would go with two of my colleagues to meet the public in five different regions. So we went to Victoria, we went to Moncton, Yellowknife, Sherbrooke, and Thunder Bay. We meet the public, who are invited to come meet us in a public center to ask us questions. We meet law students. We also meet the local judiciary to truly appreciate what their challenges are, and in some cases meet Indigenous communities, as we did in Yellowknife and Victoria. So, it is part of this effort, this desire of the Court to make the work of judges known, because I think it is important for people to trust the courts. And the best way to ensure that is to talk about what we do so they can appreciate it—not necessarily always agree with our decisions, but accept the process by which those decisions are made.
Me Hugo Martin (15:45): You often talk about access to justice. Beyond the legal framework, the cost of justice, pro bono work by the legal profession… How do you see the ideal balance between the government’s responsibility and the legal profession’s obligation?
Hon. Richard Wagner, Chief Justice (16:07): That is a good question. In Canada, legal aid used to be an obligation in courthouses. After *Jordan*, the situation changed a bit. Governments realized that they had to invest more. But it’s not enough.
Governments have the primary responsibility to finance the justice system—access to justice. But it’s also up to the legal profession to help. Pro bono can be done only for those who can afford doing it. Legal aid, of course, has to be increased. But I do not think that people should expect only an increase in funding to realize better access to justice. We have to find other ways.
Me Hugo Martin (18:01): If I asked you, Justice Wagner, to draw your answer from 150 years of judgments, rulings, and decisions of the Court, can you share those which, in your view, have contributed to promoting access to justice and perhaps even judicial independence?
Hon. Richard Wagner, Chief Justice (18:17): There are so many. I spoke of *Stinchcombe*, which truly, in 1991, made it possible to ensure a full and complete defense for accused persons. There is the *Burns* ruling, where the Court declared that a person could not be extradited if that person was likely to face the death penalty in the country requesting extradition.
In the 2022 case of the *Canadian Council of Refugees*, it was recognized for the first time that a non-profit corporation, an organization, can intervene at the Court and represent vulnerable persons without requiring the individual themselves to appear before the Court. So that is still a major development in access to justice.
And it testifies to the extent to which the Court interprets the Constitution according to the living tree theme and must therefore adapt to the needs and necessities of society. And I think these are testimonies that are quite eloquent.
In language matters as well, you know Canada is a bilingual country, and language minorities in all provinces have the right to have education in their language… We rendered a few decisions on that, including one that I wrote myself concerning British Columbia where we protected the right of French-language minorities to have school access… that was when we sat in Winnipeg.
I could spend the day with you referring to other decisions because the majority of our decisions have an impact on the evolution of society and the well-being of citizens. Because by definition, those files often remain matters of interpreting the Charter of Rights and Freedoms.
Me Hugo Martin (20:05): Chief Justice, my final question for you is a broad one. For a century and a half, the court has built a legacy of public trust, I believe, acting as a pillar in our democracy, looking ahead to a future that will be defined by formidable changes. I’m thinking artificial intelligence. I’m thinking global migration, social and political polarization… How does it ensure that it remains that essential, trusted guide for all Canadians into the next chapter of our country’s history?
Hon. Richard Wagner, Chief Justice (20:38): The court serves… The court takes up the cases that it will hear, upholding values like democracy, the rule of law, and the protection of minorities. And as long as we stay faithful to those values, we will be relevant and trusted.
Me Hugo Martin (21:27): Chief Justice Wagner, a huge thank you for this memorable interview, and all the best for its 150th commemoration.
Hon. Richard Wagner, Chief Justice (21:34): Thank you very much, merci beaucoup.